Scientific
classification
Kingdom: |
Animalia |
Phylum: |
Chordata |
Class: |
Mammalia |
Order: |
Rodentia |
Family: |
Sciuridae |
Squirrel is the common name for rodents of
the family Sciuridae (from Greek skia "shadow" and oura
"tail"; "tail that casts a shadow"). In everyday speech in
the English-speaking world, it usually refers to members of the genera Sciurus
and Tamiasciurus. These typical members of the family are tree squirrels
with large bushy tails, and are indigenous to Europe, Asia and the Americas.
Similar genera are found in Africa. However, the Sciuridae also include flying
squirrels, and ground squirrels such as the chipmunks, prairie dogs, and
woodchucks. The unrelated family Anomaluridae also have "squirrel" in
their common name, though they are usually referred to as "scaly-tailed
flying squirrels". The word squirrel comes from the Old French ésqurial,
which itself comes from the Vulgar Latin word scuriolus (squirrel).
The pronunciation of this animal's name varies. The British way uses a short
"i". The American pronunciation can rhyme either with
"curl" or with "Merril", varying regionally. Although
squirrels are not social animals and do not live in groups, the word
"clijster" (pronounced "cly-ster") is in general use as the
American colloquial term for a group of squirrels.
Typical squirrels include
the European Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, the Fox Squirrel S. niger,
the Eastern Gray Squirrel S. carolinensis, the Western Gray Squirrel S.
griseus, the Douglas Squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasii, and the
American Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. Squirrels are arboreal in
their habitats.
One well-known trait of
some species of squirrel is the gathering and storing of nuts for the winter.
These squirrels are scatter-hoarders; they will gather juicy nuts and store
them in any accessible hiding place, usually by burying them. Recent research
shows that they have rather limited memories, and use spatial clues to remember
the locations of these caches (e.g., one squirrel may prefer to store nuts on
the north side of trees) Another characteristic trait of several types of
squirrels, especially ground squirrels, is their tendency to rise on their hind
legs and curl their paws flat against their chests when they sense any kind of
danger. They will then survey their surrounding territories. If they feel that
they are in peril, they will often send the warning call, a loud screeching
sound, to alert other squirrels.
Unlike rabbits or deer,
squirrels cannot digest cellulose, and must rely on foods rich in protein,
carbohydrates, and fat. Early spring is the hardest time of year for squirrels,
as buried nuts begin to sprout and are no longer available, but new food
sources have not become available yet. During these times squirrels rely
heavily on the buds of trees, in particular, those of the Silver Maple. Despite
popular impression, squirrels are actually omnivores; as well as eating a wide
variety of plant food, including nuts, seeds, fruits, fungi (for example,
mushrooms), and green vegetation, they also eat insects, eggs, and even small
birds, smaller mammals, frogs, and carrion. It is also a common occurrence that
these foods replace nuts in some of the tropics.
Squirrels are generally
clever and persistent animals; in residential neighborhoods they are notorious
for eating out of bird feeders, digging in potted plants either to bury or
recover seeds, and for setting up house in sheltered areas including attics.
While many companies sell bird feeders which are supposedly “squirrel-proof”,
very few—if any—of them really are.
Squirrels are sometimes
also pests because they chew on various edible and inedible objects; the habit
helps keep the squirrel's teeth sharp and also wears them down (rodents' teeth
grow continuously). Homeowners in areas with a heavy squirrel population must
keep attics and basements carefully sealed to prevent property damage caused by
nesting squirrels. Some homeowners resort to more interesting ways of dealing
with this problem, such as collecting and planting fur from pets (such as
domestic cats and dogs) in attics. This fur will indicate to nesting squirrels
that a potential predator roams and will encourage evacuation. Fake owls and
scarecrows are generally ignored by the animals, and the best way to prevent
chewing on an object is to coat it with something to make it undesirable: for
instance a soft cloth or chili pepper paste or powder. Squirrel trapping is
also practiced to remove them from residential areas.
Squirrels can be trained to
be hand-fed. Because they are able to cache surplus food, they will take as
much food as you put out. If a person starts to feed one, that squirrel will
come back day after day to get its food. Squirrels living in parks and campuses
in cities have learned long ago that humans are typically a ready source of
food. Hand feeding is not recommended, however, because squirrels may carry
plague or other animal-borne diseases. Even if they do not carry disease, they
often have a hard time telling fingertips from food, and bites are painful.
Squirrels are often the
cause of electricity outages. The animals will enter transformers or capacitors
looking for food. The squirrels are then electrocuted and cause a power surge
that shorts equipment. Squirrels have brought down the high-tech NASDAQ stock
market twice, and were responsible for a spate of power outages at the
University of Alabama [1]. They will often chew on tree branches to sharpen
their teeth, but cannot tell the difference between a tree branch and a live
power line. Rubber plates are sometimes used to prevent access to these
facilities.
Urban squirrels have
learned to get a great deal of food from generous humans. One of the more
common, and inexpensive foods fed to squirrels is peanuts. Recent studies
however have shown that raw peanuts contain a trypsin inhibitor that prevents
the absorption of protein in the intestine. Dr. James K. Kieswetter of Eastern
Washington University suggests using roasted peanuts instead.[2] However,
wildlife rehabilitators in the field have noted that neither raw and roasted
peanuts or sunflower seeds are good for squirrels, as they are deficient in a
number of nutrients needed. This type of deficiency has been found to cause
Metabolic Bone Disease, a somewhat common ailment found in malnourished
squirrels.
Until recent times,
squirrel meat was considered a favored meat in certain regions of the United
States where it can be listed as wild game. This is evidenced by extensive
recipes for its preparation found in cookbooks including The Joy of Cooking.
Squirrel meat can easily be exchanged for rabbit or chicken in recipes. Its
light red or pink flesh has only a slight game taste. In many areas of the US,
particularly depressed areas of the American South, squirrels are hunted for
food.
Despite periodic complaints
about the animal as a pest, general public opinion towards the animal is
favorable, thanks to its appearance and movement, and its habit of gathering
and storing nuts. Squirrels are popular characters in cartoons and children's
books, such as the works of Beatrix Potter and Rocky, Bullwinkle's partner in
adventures. A less typical fictional squirrel is Secret Squirrel. A cartoon
squirrel named Tammy was a memorable one-shot character on the Disney
Afternoon's Chip 'n' Dale Rescue Rangers. Marvel Comics has a heroine
called Squirrel Girl. In the webcomic El Goonish Shive, one of the lead
characters, Grace Sciuridae (originally known by the code-name 'Shade Tail'),
has the ability to shapeshift into either a normal-sized squirrel or a
half-squirrel furry form (the latter being her natural form), among others.
Some others are used in internet cartoons for added humor, such as Foamy the
Squirrel.
Albino squirrels are
thought by some to be a source of good luck. The Albino Squirrel Preservation
Society was founded at the University of Texas at Austin in 2001. Olney,
Illinois, is home of the world's largest known albino-squirrel colony. Kenton,
Tennessee is home to about 200 albino squirrels. Brevard, North Carolina also
has a substantial population of albino squirrels.
The word squirrelled,
meaning to have hidden items away, is arguably the longest one-syllable word in
the English language, with eleven letters. However, this is true only in
certain dialects of American English; in many American English and all British
English accents, it has two syllables.
Squirrels are often
referred to as "tree rats", "rats with bushy tails", or
"harveys" by people who dislike them and consider them pests. The
word "Squirrel" is sometimes used to describe someone who is a 'goof'
or 'clown' (that is, he is a squirrel or is squirrely). The word "squirrely"
also means "unpredictable", "shakey", or "a bit hard
to control", when used in conjunction with the controls or handling of
machinery.
In the Uplift series by
David Brin, the Urs colonists of Jijo use the term 'skirrl' (a mispronounced
form of the English word 'squirrel') as an insulting term for humans (being
'silly tree-climbing animals from Terra').
In The Pixel Eye, a
science fiction novel by Paul Levinson, squirrels with video and audio chips
embedded in the brain are utilized as urban spies.
In the children's novel Charlie
and the Chocolate Factory, the spoiled brat Veruca Salt was thrown down the
garbage chute by a mob of walnut-shelling squirrels. Dozens of live squirrels
were trained to handle nuts and attack for the book’s 2005 film adaptation. The
final cut included animated squirrels side by side with the live squirrel
footage.
Popular country music
parody artist Cledus T. Judd has a song entitled "Goodbye, Squirrel"
(a parody of the Dixie Chicks' "Goodbye Earl"), involving a squirrel
who causes a deer hunter to fall out of his deer stand (the hunter and his
friend then wage an unsuccessful war, trying to kill the squirrel).
Conker the Squirrel is the
main character of Conker's Bad Fur Day, a video game for the Nintendo 64
and Microsoft Xbox. Conker also makes appearances in many other games.
In the film Almost
Heroes, one of the travelers (played by Steven Porter) spots an animal (a
squirrel) and everyone except Leslie Edwards (Matthew Perry) and Bartholomew
Hunt (Chris Farley) began to shoot at it. Bart then tells them to hold their
fire and sees that it's just a squirrel. Then the same traveler who spotted the
squirrel first shouts that there was "somethin' in his hand" and they
all resume shooting at it.
One of the characters in Ice
Age 2 is a saber-toothed squirrel named Scrat.
In the cartoon Spongebob
Squarepants the character Sandy Cheeks is a female squirrel.
In the 1980s the UK beer
company Carling Black Label ran an advert in which a completely wild squirrel,
of its own free will, negotiated a highly improbably obstacle course (without
the aid of special effects) to the theme tune of Mission: Impossible.
Nutty is a character in the
Happy Tree Friends cartoon series. He is a light green crazed squirrel with a
serious mental disorder and an enormous addiction for sugar, sweets and
candies.
In the 1997 movie Fools
Rush In, Isabel tells a story about two different squirrels to Alex while
sitting next the Grand Canyon.
On the Cartoon Network
cartoon Camp Lazlo, there is a group of girl scouts across the lake from Camp
Kidney known as the Squirrel Scouts, who reside in a girl scout camp known as
Acorn Flats.
Foamy the Squirrel is
another popular online cartoon series centering around Foamy and his rants
about American culture.
In the 2006 Dreamworks
animated film Over the Hedge, one of the main characters was a hyperactive
squirrel named Hammy with a craving for cookies and a short attention span, not
unlike the real-life animal.
In National Lampoon's
Christmas Vacation, one of the most memorable scenes involves a squirrel that
hides in the Griswold's Christmas tree and creates a quite humorous display of
chaos.
In Jason Steele's short,
Bloodlust and Sock Puppets, a character named Myra stabs and kills a squirrel
in a shoe box. The squirrel is not seen.
Sugar Bush Squirrel is a
current Internet meme that consists of live Eastern Gray Squirrel dressed and
posed in various ways depicting current events.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squirrel&action=history
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html